Burgess Anthony Скачать все книги 8 Количество книг

From the author of A Clockwork Orange, a brilliantly funny spy novel.

Has more wit and comic invention than the books which it so boisterously ridicules. – New Republic

"A brilliant and breathless performance…vintage Burgess… The whole performance stuns." – The Boston Globe

"Readers will howl with laughter – a wickedly amusing book." – The Atlantic Monthly

"Resurrected by popular request… Enderby the poet stalks about in this fourth Enderby novel, the mouthpiece, as usual, of his author's concern for language and sardonic, sometimes sour appraisal of modern popular culture… Burgess displays the uncanny ear for dialect for which he is noted and, with customary bravado, opens and closes his story with Will Shakespeare himself." – Publishers Weekly

"Enderby / Burgess is an absolutely hilarious and sage observer of people, language and life: There are at least a dozen moments in this short book which will make you laugh out loud." – San Francisco Examiner-Chronicle

"Enderby is one of Burgess' funniest literary inventions, combining verbal virtuosity with world-class eccentricity." – Houston Post

"Literate, funny and smart." – Playboy

"Here is a writer who can make the plausible comic and the comic plausible. In the process he enriches our sense of what it means to enjoy life." – San Diego Union

Dzieje się to w przyszłości nieokreślonej i w mieście też nie całkiem określonym. Tylko nieliczne realia wskazują, może niechcący, że to Anglia i poniekąd Londyn. Więc jakby w tej specyficznej i nadzwyczaj ważkiej odmianie zwanej dystopia: na krytyce politycznej i społecznej zbudowany, posępny, do katastrofizmu skłonny rodzaj utopii. Kolejne w szeregu imponujących dzieł, jakie stworzyli nie tylko George Orwell, bo i Zamiatin, Aldous Huxley, Ayn Rand, Karin Boye i wielu innych. A teraz Anthony Burgess.

Jednak niedaleka to przyszłość i pod niektórymi względami łatwo kojarząca się dniem dzisiejszym…

La pregunta que plantea este libro, una de las obras fundamentales en la literatura del siglo XX, no debería ser la más obvia, la que aparece en la superficie del texto: `¿Es el hombre un ser violento?`, sino: `¿Es la sociedad violenta con sus miembros?`.

Porque La naranja mecánica trata principalmente de la libertad del individuo contrapuesta al bien del colectivo, o más bien se plantea hasta qué punto es legítimo que el colectivo, a través de sus representantes (¿o son los representantes los que deciden en última instancia por el colectivo?), destruya al individuo en función del interés general.

Aquí podríamos insertar el comentario de que el libro no ha perdido interés y que explora un tema de rabiosa actualidad. Eso es innecesario y superfluo: se trata de un tema universal, como tal, La naranja mecánica se puede calificar como obra imperecedera.

¿Quién hay que no conozca el argumento de la obra del músico y escritor Anthony Burgess, a través de la mítica película de Stanley Kubrick? Parece ser que el que suscribe estas líneas y pocos más. Esto permite abordar el argumento distanciándose de la violencia explícita de las imágenes y centrándose en el transfondo de la novela.

¿Por qué, a pesar de ser pieza fundamental, no es la violencia de Alex, el nadsat protagonista (no de Álex, el crítico ya no tan adolescente), tan atractiva y tan repulsiva a los ojos occidentales, el eje central de la narración? Porque Burgess (y así lo aclara en el prólogo de esta edición, el author`s cut que proclamaría la moda fatua de reeditar grandes éxitos del séptimo arte, pero tan necesaria en este caso) pone en manos (y boca) del adolescente y su panda de drugos una forma de entender la diversión que no está viciada por el moralismo monoteísta. La crueldad, tan común en el ser humano desde sus primeros estadios, aparece como una fórmula más a escoger para su esparcimiento, una opción válida según los cánones aprehendidos del entorno hiperindividualista y desestructurado en el que viven, donde otras preocupaciones (vivienda, trabajo, dinero) priman sobre una familia y una educación decadentes o inexistentes, incapaz de atajar los instintos agresivos en sus primeras manifestaciones.

Juventud y violencia: rasgos reconocibles, lugares comunes muy visitados en nuestra sociedad. Como ven, la realidad no anda demasiado lejos.

Burgess habla en su prólogo de elección moral, de esa libertad primigenia del ser humano que lo distingue de las bestias: la capacidad de percibir, razonar y decidir sobre sí mismo, sus acciones y su futuro. Alex es eminentemente un ser libre y como tal se expresa, rasreceando lo que hay a su alrededor en el puro ejercicio de su libre albedrío. Destrucción, pero también creación: los más débiles deben sucumbir para que los más fuertes vivan, o Alex es capaz de violar a dos niñas tontas que no entienden lo sublime de la música de Beethoven (¡por el gran Bogo!, que diría Alex).

Cuando Alex comete un crimen (es decir, cuando el Estado tutelar establece que ha rebasado el límite impuesto por el colectivo al que representa) su libertad se ve brutalmente amputada. No sólo eso, sino también su identidad (ahora será el recluso 6655321, un golpe de efecto algo burdo pero efectivo por parte del autor) y, posteriormente, su capacidad de decidir: es condicionado para rechazar cualquier forma de violencia, una suerte de `naranja mecánica` incapaz de manifestar su condición humana. Ya no puede escoger entre el bien y el mal, algo que Bogo (o Dios) reprobaría (`Quizás el hombre que elige el mal es en cierto modo mejor que aquél a quien se le impone el bien`, según el capellán de la prisión en que es internado Alex).

Así volvemos a la pregunta planteada al principio: ¿es la sociedad violenta con sus miembros? ¿Justifica el bien de la sociedad la violencia de Estado? En palabras del responsable de la técnica empleada sobre el nadsat: `No nos interesan los motivos, la ética superior. Sólo queremos eliminar el delito…`. La observación del Ministro del Interior es harto indicativa: `Y aliviar la espantosa congestión de las prisiones`. Lo que conduce, inevitablemente, a la legitimidad del Estado como representante del colectivo. Aunque este punto no centra el interés del autor, sobre el que pasa de puntillas.

La necesidad de recuperar su humanidad, y a partir de ahí ser libre para escoger libremente, serán las bases del desenlace, en el que un Alex abocado a la madurez contempla su pasado con una mirada crítica y sabia. Llega la hora de decidir, y de decidir correctamente. El camino es lo de menos, lo importante es que uno mismo conduzca sus pasos por el camino que quiere la voluntad.

Esta obra, que en manos de un autor con menos talento hubiese dado lugar a un texto zafio cuyos objetivos hubieran quedado diluidos por los golpes de efecto, la narra hábilmente un Alex vital y desmedido, imprimiendo a La naranja mecánica cotas de verosimilitud raramente leídas en primera persona. Por otra parte, el uso de la jerga nadsat, creada por Burgess mezclando el habla coloquial de los jóvenes rusos con el dialecto cockney londinense, es un hallazgo usado con inteligencia y mesura, que otorga la identificación de Alex a un grupo del que nos excluye, habladores del lenguaje estándar, no nadsat. Descubrimos que su voz es la adecuada como canal de expresión de las inquietudes de Burgess, pues nos hace saltar al otro lado, al lado del que sufre en sus carnes el Estado todopoderoso, en el que su estructura sirve para aplastar al que no encaja en él. Aunque sea porque es un criminal.

Un libro realmente joroschó, que no pueden dejar de leer.

Álex Vidal

"Uno de los pocos libros que he sido capaz de leer en los últimos años".

WILLIAM BURROUGHS

Inside Mr Enderby is a the first volume in the four-book Enderby series of comic novels by the British author Anthony Burgess.

The book was first published in 1963 in London by William Heinemann under the pseudonym Joseph Kell. The series began in 1963 with the publication of this book, and concluded in 1984 with Enderby's Dark Lady, or No End to Enderby (after a ten year break following the publication of the third novel in the series, The Clockwork Testament, or Enderby's End).

The story opens on a note of pure fantasy, showing schoolchildren from the future taking a field trip through time to see the dyspeptic poet Francis Xavier Enderby while he is asleep. Enderby, a lapsed Catholic in his mid-40's, lives alone in Brighton as a 'professional' poet – his income being interest from investments left to him by his stepmother.

Enderby composes his poetry whilst seated on the toilet. His bathtub, which serves as a filing cabinet, is almost full of the mingled paper and food scraps that represent his efforts. Although he is recognised as a minor poet with several published works (and is even awarded a small prize, the 'Goodby Gold Medal', which he refuses), he has yet to be anthologised.

He is persuaded to leave his lonely but poetically fruitful bachelor life by the editor of a woman's magazine, Vesta Bainbridge, after he accidentally sends her a love poem instead of a complaint about a recipe in her magazine. The marriage, which soon ends, costs Enderby dearly, alienating him from his muse and depriving him of his financial independence.

Months pass, and Enderby is able to write only one more poem. After spending what remains of his capital, he attempts suicide with an overdose of aspirin, experiencing disgusting (and rather funny) visions of his stepmother as he nears death. His cries of horror bring help, and he regains consciousness in a mental institution, where the doctors persuade him to renounce his old, "immature" poetry-writing self. Rechristened "Piggy Hogg", he looks forward contentedly to a new career as a bartender.

In Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange, Burgess creates a gloomy future full of violence, rape and destruction. In this dystopian novel, Burgess does a fantastic job of constantly changing the readers’ allegiance toward the books narrator and main character, Alex. Writing in a foreign language, Burgess makes the reader feel like an outsider. As the novel begins, the reader has no emotional connection to Alex. This non-emotional state comes to a sudden halt when Alex and his droogs begin a series of merciless acts of violence. The reader rapidly begins to form what seems to be an irreversible hatred toward the books narrator. However, as time progresses, Burgess cleverly changes the tone of his novel. Once wishing only the harshest punishments be bestowed upon him, it is these same punishments that begin to change how the reader feels. In fact, by the end of the book, one almost begins to have pity for Alex. The same character that was once hated soon emerges as one of many victims taken throughout the course of the book. Throughout Alex’s narration, Burgess manages to change the readers’ allegiance toward a once seemingly evil character.

Alex is the type of character one loves to hate; he makes it all too easy to dislike him. He is a brutal, violent, teenage criminal with no place in society. His one and only role is to create chaos, which he does too well. Alex’s violent nature is first witnessed during the first chapter, and is soon seen again when Alex and his gang chose to brutally beat an innocent drunkard. This beating off the homeless man serves no purpose other then to amuse Alex’s gang. The acts committed were not performed for revenge, the one reason given was that Alex did not enjoy seeing a homeless drunk, “I could never stand to see a moodge all filthy and rolling and burping and drunk, whatever his age might be, but more especially when he was real starry like this one was”. Alex continues to explain his reason for dislike, “his platties were a disgrace, all creased and untidy and covered in cal”, from this explanation one realizes his reasons for nearly killing a man are simply based on pleasure, desire, and a dislike toward the untidy. By the end of the second chapter Burgess’s inventive usage of a different language to keep the reader alienated from forming opinions about Alex ceases to work. At this point in time Alex’s true nature is revealed, and not even his unfamiliar Nadsat language can save him from being strongly disliked by the reader.

The more the reader learns of Alex, the more and more he is disliked; Alex’s relationship with his parents only builds on ones already negative opinions toward Alex. Coming from a normal family and a sturdy household free of domestic violence, there is no excuse for Alex’s violent nature. In fact, Alex’s loving parents are just as baffled by his immoral personality as the reader, although because of their naivete, they know much less of what he does. This leaves the reader uninformed and wondering: why is Alex the way he is? Fortunately, just as one begins to question Alex’s motives, Alex gives an answer, “badness is of the self, the one…is not our modern history, my brothers the story of brave malenky selves fighting these big machines? I am serious with you, brothers, over this. But what I do I do because I like to do”. He could not have explained it more clearly. While from one point of view Alex visions himself as a revolutionary, even simpler then that, he is basically admitting he commits violent acts because he enjoys doing so. Later in the book Alex offers another solution for his violent nature, “Being young is like being one of these malenky machines…and so it would itty on to like the end of the world”. These malenky machines he is referring to are very similar to the clockwork orange Burgess talks to in his introduction. Whatever reasons he gives, none of them are valid enough to prevent the reader from hating Alex.

In spite of all the hatred aimed toward Alex at this point, seemingly it is not enough to prevent the pity one begins to feel when Alex is abandoned by his “droogs”. Knowing he is the leader of his group, Alex constantly gives orders to his gang. Unfortunately it is due to his tendency to need leadership that a quarrel begins with his gang. After settling the original dispute that arises, Alex and his “droogs” are not so successful at ending their second squabble. Framed by his friends, Alex is arrested while they run away. Furthermore, he is beaten by the police, and sentenced to fourteen years of jail. It only takes two of them for the reader to realize the difficulties that Alex is living through. Throughout the first part of the book, there is in fact only one sign that Alex is not utterly evil, that being his music. Along with his abandonment from friends, it is the music that Burgess uses to help change the readers opinion, and eventually to have pity toward his young antagonist.

As the reader continues to pry deeper into Alex’s life it is shocking to learn of the music he listens to, it is because of this music and the actions taken against him that one truly begins to feel sorry for Burgess’s little Alex. The music that Alex chooses to listen is very ironic. While it causes him to do evil things, the fact remains that he listens to normal music, one of the first things he is not disliked for, “lying there on my bed with glazzies tight shut and rookers behind my gulliver, I broke and spattered and cried aaaaaaah with the bliss of it". His particular interest in Ludwig Van arises during one of his sessions while undergoing Ludivico’s Technique. Upon hearing what he perceives to be heavenly music Alex cry’s out about the injustice in the procedure, “I don’t mind about the ultra-violence and all that cal. I can put up with that. But it’s not fair on the music”. It is during this same treatment that the reader really begins to feel sympathy toward him. Striped of his ability to choose right from wrong, and now the same clockwork orange that F. Alexander earlier told him about, Alex becomes one of the governments’ machines. Forced to do exactly what they want him to, become their “true Christian”, Alex poses the question to his doctors, “How about me? Where do I come into all this? Am I like just some animal or dog…am I to be just like a clockwork orange?” Alex is all alone in the world, no longer capable of performing cruel deeds, he is denied by all whom he once knew. The same character one used to wish the harshest punishment upon received it, and when he got it, it becomes strikingly evident that it was much more then even the worst person would ever deserve.

Burgess does a magical job at making the reader quickly forget the horrible deeds Alex once committed. Instead by making powerful moral statements, Burgess goes so far that the reader not only turns the other cheek toward Alex’s crimes, but also feels genuinely sorry for him. Alex may not be completely cured, but that is not the issue at hand. Through means of pity and by playing with the readers’ emotions throughout the book, during A Clockwork Orange, Burgess is constantly playing with the reader’s allegiances.